Research

Key Publications

  1. Cost of treating sick young infants (0-59 days) with Possible Serious Bacterial Infection in resource constrained outpatient primary care facilities: An insight from implementation research in two districts of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (India).  Journal of Global Health https://jogh.org/2023/jogh-13-04062

  2. A comparison of the cost of outpatient care delivered by Aam Aadmi Mohalla Clinics compared to other public and private facilities in Delhi, India, Health Policy and Planning. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czad033

  3. Out-of-pocket Expenditure on Medicines and Financial Risk Protection in India: Is the Sustainable Development Goal in Sight? Indian Journal of Human Development, https://doi.org/10.1177/09737030231169340

  4. Patient perception of attributes of primary care: a study of Aam Aadmi Mohalla Clinics in Delhi, India, Family Practice,  https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmac154

  5. Unit costs for allopathic and AYUSH outpatient care in public facilities in Urban Delhi, India, Accepted for publication- J Family Med Prim Care

  6. Incremental costs of scaling up kangaroo mother care: Results from implementation research in Ethiopia and India. Acta Paediatr. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/apa.16490

  7. Methods and Measurement of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Healthcare Expenditures in India During 2013–2014 to 2016–2017, Indian Journal of Human Development, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/09737030211047030

  8. Costs and cost-effectiveness of management of possible serious bacterial infections in young infants in outpatient settings when referral to a hospital was not possible: Results from randomized trials in Africa. PLoS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247977

  9. Impoverishment due to Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditures: Measurement and Comparison Across different Surveys in India. Indian Journal of Human Development, https://doi.org/10.1177/0973703019872360

  10. Costing of three feeding regimens for home-based management of children with uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition from a randomised trial in India. BMJ Global Health, https://gh.bmj.com/content/bmjgh/3/2/e000702.full.pdf

  11. Utilisation of Health Facilities for Childbirth and Out-of-pocket Expenditure: Impact of Government Policies, Economic and Political Weekly,

  12. Study Raises Questions About Measurement Of “Additionality”, Or Maintaining Domestic Health Spending Amid Foreign Donations Health Affairs. https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2008.0815

  13. Social and Economic Implications of Noncommunicable diseases in India. Indian J Community Med. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3354895

  14. Reducing out-of-pocket expenditures to reduce poverty: a disaggregated analysis at rural-urban and state level in India, Health Policy and Planning, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czn046

  15. Catastrophic payments for health care in Asia. Health Econ. 2007 Nov;16(11):1159-84. doi: 10.1002/hec.1209. PMID: 17311356.

  16. The Incidence of Public Spending on Healthcare: Comparative Evidence from Asia, The World Bank Economic Review, Volume 21, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 93–123, https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhl009

  17. Effect of payments for health care on poverty estimates in 11 countries in Asia: an analysis of household survey data. Lancet. 2006 Oct 14;368(9544):1357-64. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69560-3. PMID: 17046468.

  18. Financing of Health Care in India: Results of NHA from Karnataka. Journal of Health Management. 2001;3(2):199-237. doi:10.1177/097206340100300203.

Reports

  1. Health financing mechanism including free schemes for sexual and reproductive health services in Nepal. An assessment of health financing for sexual and reproductive health: 2020. Kathmandu: World Health Organization, Country Office for Nepal;. Licence: CC BY- NC- SA 3.0 IGO. March 2022

  2. Review of costing, budgeting and financing tools for strategic and operational planning with focus on immunization. UNICEF, October 2021 Review of Costing tools_UNICEF_Final.pdf

  3. National Urban Health Mission for Comprehensive Primary Health Care- Economic analysis -Section 17 of the project document available at https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/ind-53121-001-rrp

  4. Nepal National Health Accounts, 2012/13 – 2015/16, Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal MoHP, June 2018.

  5. National Health Accounts in India: Estimates for 2013-14, NHSRC, MoHFW, GOI, August 2016

  6. Guidelines for Institutionalization of National Health Accounts in India , MoHFW, GOI May 2016

  7. Health Insurance expenditures in India, 2013-14, NHSRC, MoHFW, GOI, November 2016

  8. Household Health expenditures in India, 2013-14, NHSRC, MoHFW, GOI, December 2016

  9. Government Health Expenditures in India, 2013-14, NHSRC, MoHFW, GOI, May 2017

  10. Costing of Essential Interventions for Children with Uncomplicated SAM, SAS, New Delhi,  2016

  11. Costing of community based newborn care program including pre and post natal home visits in management of neo natal Sepsis in Africa, WHO, Geneva, Nov. 2014.

  12. Equity in Universal Coverage for Select Chronic Diseases in India, Institute for Human Development, Delhi. Draft technical report March 2013, submitted to WHO

  13. Guide to Producing Child Health Subaccounts: within National Health account Frameworks, World Health Organization- 2011

  14. Promoting Institutionalization of National Health Accounts: A Global Strategic Action Plan, (2010), Health Nutrition and Population, Human Development Network, The World Bank October.

  15. A Conceptual Framework for National Health Accounts in India: A Pilot Study on Punjab, (2001) Institute of Economic Growth, New Delhi, India, September 

  16. Flow of Funds for Family Welfare Services. Report submitted to European Commission (1998)

  17. Evaluation of the Cost of Management of Tobacco Related Cancers in India, Report submitted to The Tobacco Institute of India, July 1997.

  18. Subsidies in Health and Education Sector: A section for the report on `Government Subsidies in India’, NIPFP, sponsored by Ministry of Finance, March 1997

  19. Central Fiscal Incentives and Concessions to Small Scale Industries: Impact on Growth and Structure, report submitted to Ministry of Industries, Government of India, March 1996.

  20. Impact of Central Fiscal Incentives on Small Scale Industry: Report submitted to Development Commissioner, Small Scale Industry, Govt. of India, March 1995.

  21. Impact of 1994-95 Budget Changes relating to Central Excise on Small Scale Sector. Report submitted to Ministry of Finance, Govt. of India, January 1995.

Articles in Books

  1. Garg Charu C. (2014): Barriers to and Inequities in Coverage and Financing of Health of the Informal Workers in India” India Infrastructure report “A Road to Universal Health Coverage” IDFC Foundation

  2. T. T. Edejer, C Garg et. al. (2008) Health care costs,  structures and trends in International Encyclopedia of Public Health, Six-Volume Set, edited by Edited By S. Quah, K. Heggenhougen

  3. Garg Charu C. (2006) Is Health Insurance Feasible in India: Issues in Private and Social health Insurance, in Securing Health for All, edited by S Prasad and C. Sathyamala, Institute for Human Development, Delhi

  4. Garg Charu C. and Karan A.K (2006) Level and Pattern of catastrophic health expenditures in India  in Securing Health for All edited by S Prasad and C. Sathyamala, Institute for Human Development, Delhi

  5. Garg Charu C.(2005): Health Finance Paradigm for India, Background paper for the report of the First Commission for Macro Economics and Health, Government of India.

  6. Garg Charu C. (2000): Implications of Current Experiences of Health Insurance in India in Private Health Insurance and Public Health Goals in India, World Bank, May

  7. Nagar A.L & Garg C. C. (1992): Edgeworth Approximations to the Distribution of LR and F in R Bewley and TV Hoa ed. Contributions to Consumer Demand and Econometrics Macmillan Press

Monographs / Research Papers

  1. Economic Costs for Outpatient Care in Public and Private Facilities in Delhi, India Implications for Healthcare Policy By Charu C Garg and Roopali Goyanka http://www.ihdindia.org/pdf/Charu-Garg_WP-05_210223.pdf

  2. Garg Charu C. (2014) Availability, Quality and Data Gaps in Health Statistics in India. Theme Paper submitted to Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, Government of India May.

  3. Garg Charu C. and Evans David B (2011) What is the impact of non-communicable diseases on National Health Expenditures: A synthesis of available data, Discussion paper number 3, HSF, WHO, Geneva

  4. How countries use their health expenditure information: Evidence from 80 countries (2010), World Bank

  5. EQUITAP Working papers (2005-2006): Nos 2. Paying out-of-pocket for health care in Asia: Catastrophic and poverty impact; 3. Who benefits from public spending on health care in Asia’; 5. Explaining the incidence of catastrophic expenditures on health care 10. Estimates of national health expenditures in Asia 7. Comparative experiences of tax-funded health care systems in Asia: 15. Health and Millennium Development Goal 1: Reducing out-of-pocket expenditures to reduce income poverty – Evidence from India.

  6. National Health Accounts for India: A case study of Karnataka Harvard University Research papers (1998)  https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/114/2012/10/rp145.pdf

  7. Garg Charu C. Equity of Health Sector Financing and Delivery in India. Harvard University Research papers (1998) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.202.5410&rep=rep1&type=pdf

  8. Growth of Small-Scale Industries in India: Some Policy Issues, Working Paper No. 10, NIPFP, 1996.https://ideas.repec.org/p/npf/wpaper/96-10.html

Research That Connects Evidence with Policy

Syzygy’s technical work is grounded in applied research, rigorous methods and policy relevance. The research portfolio includes peer-reviewed publications, global technical guidance, national reports, economic analyses and practical costing and financing tools.

Selected Publications, Reports & Technical Products

RECENT OUTPUTS | 2023–2026
Peer-reviewed publications

2026 — Garg CC, Qazi SA, Nisar YB; PSBI Cost-Effectiveness Study Group. Economic-evaluation framework for PSBI treatment strategies in six countries across Africa and Asia. Journal of Global Health 16:05003. View article

2023 — Garg CC, Mukhopadhyay R, Arora NK, et al. Cost of treating sick young infants with possible serious bacterial infection in resource-constrained outpatient primary care facilities. Journal of Global Health 13:04062. View article

2023 — Garg CC, Goyanka R. Cost of outpatient care delivered by Aam Aadmi Mohalla Clinics compared with other public and private facilities in Delhi. Health Policy and Planning 38(6):701–707. View article

2023 — Goyanka R, Garg CC. Out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines and financial risk protection in India. Indian Journal of Human Development 17(1):28–43. View article

2023 — Garg CC, Goyanka R. Unit costs for allopathic and AYUSH outpatient care in public facilities in urban Delhi. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 12(11):2752–2756. View article

 

SELECTED WORK OF THE FOUNDER |BEFORE 2023
Peer-reviewed publications

2022 — Garg CC; WHO KMC Scale Up Study Group. Incremental costs of scaling up kangaroo mother care: implementation research in Ethiopia and India. Acta Paediatrica. View article

2021 — Garg CC, Tshefu A, Longombe AL, et al. Costs and cost-effectiveness of outpatient management of possible serious bacterial infection in young infants when referral was not possible. PLOS ONE 16(3):e0247977. View article

2018 — Garg CC, Mazumdar S, et al. Costing of three feeding regimens for home-based management of children with uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition. BMJ Global Health 3:e000702. View article

2009 — Garg CC, Karan AK. Reducing out-of-pocket expenditures to reduce poverty: a disaggregated rural–urban and state-level analysis in India. Health Policy and Planning 24(2):116–128. View article

2006 — van Doorslaer E, O’Donnell O, Rannan-Eliya RP, Garg CC, et al. Effect of payments for health care on poverty estimates in 11 countries in Asia. The Lancet 368:1357–1364. View article

Reports & technical products

2026 — World Health Organization. Tracking rehabilitative care expenditure under the System of Health Accounts 2011: technical note. View WHO technical note

2024–26 — NIS.Cost and immunisation-financing analytics: co-development of the web application; review of 56 NIS documents across 14 indicators; financial analysis for 22 countries; support to country costing, scenarios and Gavi 6.0 financial-planning processes. Selected analyses are unpublished / under country embargo.

2025 — National Health Systems Resource Centre. Financial Gap Analysis of Five National Health Programmes, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Technical contribution.

2024 — Results for Development. Improving Rehabilitation Expenditure Data in Nepal’s National Health Accounts: Country Brief. Technical contribution; internal report.

2023 — Asian Development Bank economic analyses. Vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics manufacturing and regulatory strengthening in Bangladesh; and Early Childhood Development Project in Meghalaya, India. Bangladesh analysis Meghalaya analysis

Reports, guidance & economic analyses

2022 — World Health Organization. Health financing mechanism including free schemes for sexual and reproductive health services in Nepal: an assessment of health financing for sexual and reproductive health.

2021 — UNICEF. Review of costing, budgeting and financing tools for strategic and operational planning with a focus on immunization. View report

2016–18 — National Health Accounts and institutionalisation guidance for India and Nepal, including Nepal NHA 2012/13–2015/16 and India NHA estimates and institutionalisation guidelines.

2011 — World Health Organization. Guide to Producing Child Health Subaccounts within National Health Account Frameworks.

2010 — World Bank. Promoting Institutionalization of National Health Accounts: A Global Strategic Action Plan.

2020–21 — Asian Development Bank / PwC. Economic analysis for India’s National Urban Health Mission for Comprehensive Primary Health Care. View project document